Despite the complex processes required to construct the building, which stands more than 75 feet tall and is adorned by 1,062 unique, triangular glass panels, the $29.8 million building project was completed on time and $700,000 under budget. Construction began in December 2008.
Second Floor Lobby 2 - Moris Moreno
Internationally recognized architect Yann Weymouth, AIA, LEED AP, director of design for HOK’s Florida practice, and led the design team. The Dalí is HOK’s fourth museum project completed in the state in the past 6 years, including: John and Mable Ringling Museum and Cultural Complex in Sarasota, the Hazel Hough Wing of the Museum of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, and the Patricia and Phillip Frost Art Museum at Florida International University in Miami. Weymouth also served as chief of design for I.M. Pei for both the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and for the Grand Louvre in Paris.
Dome Ceiling - Moris Moreno
HOK’s design concept is drawn directly from the building’s purpose. It is inspired both by Dalí’s surrealist art and by the practical need to shelter the collection from the hurricanes that threaten Florida’s west coast.
“Salvador Dalí was a monumental pioneer of twentieth-century art and this is perhaps the best collection of his work in the world,” said Weymouth. “Our challenge was to discover how to resolve the technical requirements of the museum and site in a way that expresses the dynamism of the great art movement that he led. It is important that the building speak to the surreal without being trite.”
Enigma Interior - Moris Moreno
A 58-foot-high, right-angled, Euclidean “treasure box” with thick concrete walls protects the art. This unfinished concrete box is disrupted by a flowing, organic, triangulated glass “Enigma” (also the name of a 1929 Dalí painting) that opens the museum to the bay and sky while forming an atrium roof that draws in natural daylight.
Second Floor Lobby - Moris Moreno
“We deliberately exposed the unfinished faces of the concrete to reduce maintenance and to allow it to be a tough, natural foil to the more refined precision of the glass Enigma,” said Weymouth. “This contrast between the rational world of the conscious and the more intuitive, surprising natural world is a constant theme in Dalí s work.”
Helical Staitcase - Moris Moreno
Dalí was a friend and admirer of Buckminster Fuller, who helped pioneer geodesic geometries and is a hero of Weymouth’s. This is the first use of this type of free-form geodesic geometry in the United States. HOK used building information modeling (BIM) to create three-dimensional models of the glazing forms before Novum Structures imported the model into its proprietary software program and then engineered, manufactured and installed the Enigma and its glass sister, the “Igloo.”
Beck and Michael Rixon
“The flowing, free-form use of geodesic triangulation is a recent innovation enabled by modern computer analysis and digitally controlled fabrication that allows each component to be unique,” explained Weymouth. “No glass panel, structural node or strut is precisely the same. This permitted us to create a family of shapes that, while structurally robust, more closely resembles the flow of liquids in nature.”
Beck and Michael Rixon
A soaring, poured-in-place concrete spiral staircase energizes the 75-foot-high glass atrium and invites visitors to proceed from the ground-level entrance up to the third-floor galleries. The raw concrete spiral flows at its base into the visitor reception desk, with light cable-stayed stainless steel guardrails floating in delicate juxtaposition. The helical stairway design is an allusion to Dalí’s fascination with spiral forms in nature and the double helix of DNA.
Beck and Michael Rixon
In the exhibition galleries on the third floor, seven unique suspended black plaster “light cannons” funnel daylight onto the largest of the Dalí masterworks. The art exhibition spaces are connected by a sculptural gallery that appears to magically land in the center of the ‘egg’ skylight, providing ample light and sweeping vistas overlooking Tampa Bay.
The building protects this priceless art collection from hurricane-force winds and water. The fortress-like structure is designed to withstand the 165-mph wind loads of a Category 5, 200-year hurricane. The roof is 12-inch thick, solid concrete and the cast-in-place reinforced concrete walls are 18 inches thick. Located above the flood plane on the third floor, the art is protected from a 30-foot-high hurricane storm surge. Storm doors shield the vault and galleries. Specially developed for this project, the triangulated glass panels are one-and-a-half inches thick, insulated and laminated, and were tested to resist the 135 mph winds, driven rain and missile impacts of a Category 3 hurricane.
Several sustainable design strategies create energy, water and cost savings. The building is sited to reduce solar load from the low-angled western sun. Two types of solar collectors on the roof heat water for the restrooms and assist in the dehumidification cycle of the air conditioning system. Automated controls turn lights off automatically when rooms are not in use. Water is conserved with low-flow fixtures and all water condensate is recycled back into the system. The building envelope is compact, well-insulated and, with its concrete thermal mass, acts as a heat sink to reduce the temperature highs and lows of a typical day.
CAD & BIM Tools
HOK’s design team used building information modeling (BIM) to visualize the complex geometries of the museum’s conceptual design, which includes free fluid forms that could not have been conveyed on two-dimensional platforms. This enabled the team to communicate complex design concepts and show compelling renderings from various vantage points to the museum board early in the process.
The form of the Enigma was first shaped using Google SketchUp. The geometry was then brought into Rhino for refinement into a smooth, fluid form. It was then imported back into SketchUp to create a wire mesh form. This was exported to Autodesk Revit software to generate the technical model with framing members and glass panels. Likewise, the team used SketchUp and Revit to design the helical staircase.
The design team used the BIM information to analyze the forces that shape the volumes and validate their structural integrity against the structural design criteria. Walter P. Moore, the structural engineering firm, used this information to design the necessary attachment supports required to react to these forces.
HOK also used BIM to produce acoustical models of sound traversing connected free-from spaces within the Enigma.
Coordination of the complex MEP systems inherent in a museum was made possible by BIM. The team used the BIM through Navisworks software to coordinate building design and structural system with MEP systems.
Manufacturing of the intricately precise components of the Enigma, done by Novum Structures, also came from BIM. Each framing member, connection node and panel of glass is unique. They were made in factories in India, China and the U.S. and arrived on-site pre-coded and mapped to their specific place in the giant jigsaw puzzle. By the time the cast in place concrete ‘treasure box’ was completed with embed attachments in place, the thousands of pieces had arrived on site and were ready for installation. Each of the pieces fit together as designed to realize the complete building shell.
- Client: Salvador Dalí Museum
- Architectural Design, Programming, Master Planning: HOK
- General Contractor: The Beck Group
- Glass Structure Consultant: Novum Structures LLC
- Structural Engineer: Walter P. Moore & Associates Inc.
- Mechanical/Electrical/Plumbing Engineer: TLC Engineering for Architecture
- Program Manager: Peter Arendt
- Acoustical Consultant: Siebein Associates Inc.
- Civil Engineer: WilsonMiller Stantec Inc.
- Landscape Architect: Phil Graham and Company
- Lighting Designer: George Sexton Associates
- Code Consultant: Rolf Jensen & Associates Inc.
- Food Service Consultant: Schwartz Schwartz & Associates
- Graphics/Signage Consultant: Dan Meeker Design
- Hardware Consultant: S.B.S. Associates, Inc.
Article source: HOK
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- Beck and Michael Rixon
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